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Based on a sweeping range of archival, visual, and material evidence, Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians examines perceptions of Indians in French colonial Louisiana and demonstrates that material culture—especially dress—was central to the elaboration of discourses about race.
At the heart of France's seventeenth-century plans for colonizing New France was a formal policy—Frenchification. Intended to turn Indians into Catholic subjects of the king, it also carried with it the belief that Indians could become French through religion, language, and culture. This fluid and mutable conception of identity carried a risk: while Indians had the potential to become French, the French could themselves be transformed into Indians. French officials had effectively admitted defeat of their policy by the time Louisiana became a province of New France in 1682. But it was here, in Upper Louisiana, that proponents of French-Indian intermarriage finally claimed some success with Frenchification. For supporters, proof of the policy's success lay in the appearance and material possessions of Indian wives and daughters of Frenchmen.
Through a sophisticated interdisciplinary approach to the material sources, Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians offers a distinctive and original reading of the contours and chronology of racialization in early America. While focused on Louisiana, the methodological model offered in this innovative book shows that dress can take center stage in the investigation of colonial societies—for the process of colonization was built on encounters mediated by appearance.
- Sales Rank: #2055209 in Books
- Brand: Brand: University of Pennsylvania Press
- Published on: 2012-12-13
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 1.40" h x 6.10" w x 9.10" l, 1.35 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 360 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"There is much to be learned from the excellent Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians—its stories, arguments, and interpretations but also its creative and important methodology. . . . A shining example of the ways in which new forms of evidence, examined in talented hands, have the power to change the way we address big historical questions."—William and Mary Quarterly
"White does an admirable job of integrating clothing into a larger discussion of identity formation in this fluid borderland society, demonstrating clearly how understanding the use and ownership of textiles shaped individuals views of themselves and of each other."—Textile History
"Drawing on French-language archival sources and an impressively interdisciplinary range of secondary literature, White argues that material culture—clothing and the clothed and groomed body—are central to understanding the complexity of the hybrid cultures of Upper and Lower Louisiana in the eighteenth century. Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians is a wonderfully original contribution to the English-language scholarship."—Ann M. Little, Colorado State University
"Historians dream of writing a book that will give us a new lens to make sense of the past. Sophie White has done that with Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians. Her insistence on finding a way to look at colonial people allows the rest of us to see them with a new clarity that reveals how much we have missed in the contested process that made race in the Atlantic World."—Emily Clark, Tulane University
"An important book. . . White's work challenges prevailing understandings about how ideas of race took hold and exemplifies how material objects, maybe even more so than archival sources, can tell a story that complicates prevailing notions about the multicultural societies that comprised colonial America."—American Historical Review
"Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians is a brilliant book. With intelligence and precision, White examines a trove of fresh material culture evidence from the Upper Mississippi Valley and advances a new mode of analysis that goes deep into the possible meanings of Frenchness and Indianness, ultimately revealing a much slower timeline than scholars have claimed for the progression of racialized categories that foreclosed the possibility of identity transformation."—Kathleen Brown, University of Pennsylvania
About the Author
Sophie White is Associate Professor in the Department of American Studies at the University of Notre Dame.
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
A new depth of understanding through Material Culture
By Proud Male
Sophie White shows the new dimension on history that can be obtained from material culture. She takes a few wills, property inventories, and contracts, together with a broad understanding of how people express themselves through their possessions, adds the perspective of material culture -- the norms of the culture and a broad knowledge of how the two cultures differed in expression -- and constructs an understanding of the individuals within their context on the border of French immigrants and creoles with native American inhabitants. An excellent study, well illustrated and explained for amateurs like me.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Tracing the outcomes of trade and intermarriage in the Illinois territory
By Leslie Chartrand
This study of the clothing and other material possessions of the Illinois territory's inhabitants provided many interesting insights into the interaction of French and Indian cultures in colonial Louisiana. The writing style was a bit repetitious, but the information was well worth the read. The examples in the photos and illustrations filled out the descriptions well. As a side note, I was delighted to see the voyageurs (and others) wearing 18th-century versions of the hoody.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
This is a fine, rich book
By Carl J. Ekberg
This is a fine, rich book, based on years of research in primary sources—notarial records, parish registers, and administrative correspondence. Professor White’s work is emphatically history from the bottom up. She burrows deep into the lives and the minds of the wide array of folks who populated French Louisiana—habitants and habitantes, French marines, merchants, voyageurs, Indians, métis and métisses, and black slaves. And Louisiana means all of Louisiana, for she is steeped in sources from both the lower colony (New Orleans) and the upper (the Illinois Country). Professor White is little concerned with passing political events, histoire événementielle, in French Louisiana, for she has other fish to fry.
Professor White’s interests in race, métissage, and slavery are in no way exceptional, but when combined with her deep knowledge of material culture (especially clothing) they lead to unique and penetrating insights about French colonial society in Louisiana. “Indians could conceivably “improve” their state through conversion and Frenchification to become ‘French,’ . . . just as ‘civilized’ Frenchmen might ‘degenerate’ into wild men by becoming Indian. Dress channeled each of these potential instances of metamorphosis.” Or again, French “colonists deployed clothing to uphold the fiction of French moral and social order in the colony, allowing them to exert control over the hinterlands. . . .” One need not necessarily agree with all of Professor White’s conclusions to remark that each of her paragraphs has been thoroughly thought out and carefully written.
Professor White’s wide reading in both primary and secondary sources leads to many interesting and significant apeçus. She notes, for example, that eighteenth-century folks, even those from the upper classes, were more concerned with clean apparel than with bodily cleanliness. This observation is affirmed by the extraordinary quantity of linen shirts listed in Louisiana succession documents. Professor White’s original approach to French colonial history shines through in many such observations, which make this book essential reading for all enthusiasts of French Louisiana.
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