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What can we learn about the world of an ancient empire from the ways that people complain when they feel that they have been violated? What role did law play in people's lives? And what did they expect their government to do for them when they felt harmed and helpless?
If ancient historians have frequently written about nonelite people as if they were undifferentiated and interchangeable, Ari Z. Bryen counters by drawing on one of our few sources of personal narratives from the Roman world: over a hundred papyrus petitions, submitted to local and imperial officials, in which individuals from the Egyptian countryside sought redress for acts of violence committed against them. By assembling these long-neglected materials (also translated as an appendix to the book) and putting them in conversation with contemporary perspectives from legal anthropology and social theory, Bryen shows how legal stories were used to work out relations of deference within local communities.
Rather than a simple force of imperial power, an open legal system allowed petitioners to define their relationships with their local adversaries while contributing to the body of rules and expectations by which they would live in the future. In so doing, these Egyptian petitioners contributed to the creation of Roman imperial order more generally.
- Sales Rank: #2958500 in Books
- Brand: Brand: University of Pennsylvania Press
- Published on: 2013-07-19
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.10" h x 1.40" w x 6.20" l, 1.55 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 376 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
Ce travail montre clairement comment la papyrologie juridique peut éclairer de manière vivante notre connaissance de la société égyptienne sous domination romaine. L'ouvrage deviendra donc sans conteste un livre de référence indispensable pour les historiens et les juristes travaillant sur le thème de la violence dans les mondes antiques et plus particulièrement dans l'Egypte grecque et romaine." - Bryn Mawr Classical Review
While Roman authors characterized Egyptians as prone to violence and disorder, Bryen has produce a nuanced and often fascinating study. This original work uses the hundreds of petitions preserved in the papyrological record in order to make a real contribution to our understanding of social, legal, and provincial history... His mastery of his sources (his own translations of 135 petitions form a crucial appendix), as well as his methodological acuity, make this a valuable contribution to scholarship, which will make for productive reading for a wide range of scholars. -- Greece and Rome
"An extremely important study that will fundamentally change how we think about violence in Egypt and elsewhere in the Roman Empire—in fact, the way we conceive Roman rule in the provinces altogether."—Noel Lenski, University of Colorado
"A substantial contribution to the field of papyrology, Violence in Roman Egypt contributes an interesting analysis of the only extant documentation of this kind in antiquity, which has never before been studied from this perspective."—Sofia Torallas Tovar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
About the Author
Ari Z. Bryen teaches history at West Virginia University.
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Roman Law in the Backlands
By Robert Bolton
From a historical perspective, reconstructing the bodies of law that emerged from ancient societies is a difficult task. Even for societies that left a large amount of written documentation, such as the Roman Empire, still prove a challenge because law, as applied in real world situations, is oftentimes quite distinct from its statutory expectations. Ari Z. Bryen, who is employed as a history professor at West Virginia University, has met the challenge in his work Violence in Roman Egypt.
In Professor Bryen’s volume, he analyzes a single Roman province, Egypt, from the time of its acquisition by Caesar Augustus through the western empire’s final collapse in the fifth century. His source material comes primarily from ancient petitions recovered in the Fayum basin. This area is notable for its arid climate, which allowed legal documents and other miscellany discarded into waste piles to survive for millennia almost completely intact. In a useful appendix, Professor Bryen includes translations of one hundred and thirty-five examples, with the largest number coming from the cities of Oxyrhynchos and Arsinoite.
Professor Bryen opens his first chapter with the petition of a man named Ptolemaios. Then as now, some people were often involved in litigation, and we have multiple petitions filed by the same individual. In this particular case for Ptolemaios, he claimed to have been attacked by the henchman of a local public official and pled with imperial authorities to detain the suspect. This document was unusual because there is a notation to return the document, indicative that the authorities felt it merited further investigation. In most instances, we only have a single voice speaking (through the filtered legalese of a scrivener) and no clue as to how the cases were resolved.
Professor Bryen then goes on to explain the context of most petitions. Roman Egypt had a reputation for being an exceptionally violent place. Many areas were continually harassed by bandits, and even metropolitan areas like Alexandria bore tensions due to the plethora of religious and ethnic communities residing in close proximity to one another. Most of the time, Roman authorities had little concern with how the native populace governed itself, so long as riots were avoided and grain levies were regularly fulfilled. Thus, the petitions might have been an exercise in futility, but were still one of the few avenues available to inhabitants to realign social relations.
The language of the petitions is often laced with bathos in an attempt to garner sympathy and notice. Abuse against an individual was encapsulated in the term loidoria, which included both physical and verbal violence. Resulting from this hyperbole and blended terminology, the exact nature of the harm suffered is often up for interpretation. Most petitions follow set formulae to meet the legal elements of an offense, but as with many legal documents, a reader must try to discern the truth that lies beneath the surface.
On the whole, this book is a valuable contribution on a neglected area, geographically and academically, of Roman law. As Professor Bryen stated in his introduction, Egypt is perhaps the only province with enough documentation to make such a study possible for the simple reason it was the only one with the proper climate to preserve papyri. Professor Bryen writes with verve and has a discerning eye while interpreting ancient documents. Once I finished it, I could make the rare statement that it is a law book well worth the expense.
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